@Article{LiuXuYueAndr:2023:VaGlZo,
               author = "Liu, Xiao and Xu, Jiyao and Yue, Jia and Andrioli, Vania 
                         F{\'a}tima",
          affiliation = "{Henan Normal University} and {National Space Science Center} and 
                         {Catholic University of America} and {Instituto Nacional de 
                         Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)}",
                title = "Variations in global zonal wind from 18 to 100 km due to solar 
                         activity and the quasi-biennial oscillation and El Nino-Southern 
                         Oscillation during 2002-2019",
              journal = "Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics",
                 year = "2023",
               volume = "23",
               number = "11",
                pages = "6145--6167",
                month = "June",
             abstract = "Variations of global wind are important in changing the 
                         atmospheric structure and circulation, in coupling of atmospheric 
                         layers, and in influencing the wave propagations. Due to the 
                         difficulty of directly measuring zonal wind from the stratosphere 
                         to the lower thermosphere, we derived a global balance wind (BU) 
                         dataset from 50 degrees S to 50 degrees N and during 2002-2019 
                         using the gradient wind theory and SABER temperatures and modified 
                         by meteor radar observations at the Equator. The dataset captures 
                         the main feature of global monthly mean zonal wind and can be used 
                         to study the variations (i.e., annual, semi-annual, ter-annual, 
                         and linear) of zonal wind and the responses of zonal wind to 
                         quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO), El Nino-Southern Oscillation 
                         (ENSO), and solar activity (F-10.7). The same procedure is 
                         performed on the MERRA-2 zonal wind (MerU) to validate BU and its 
                         responses below 70 km. The annual, semi-annual, and ter-annual 
                         oscillations of BU and MerU have similar amplitudes and phases. 
                         The semi-annual oscillation of BU has peaks around 80 km, which 
                         are stronger in the southern tropical region and coincide with 
                         previous satellite observations. As the increasing of the values 
                         representing QBO wind, both values of representing BU and MerU 
                         (short for BU and MerU) change from increasing to decreasing with 
                         the increasing height and extend from the Equator to higher 
                         latitudes. Both BU and MerU increase with the increasing of the 
                         values of multivariate ENSO index (MEI) and decrease with 
                         increasing F-10.7 in the southern stratospheric polar jet region 
                         below 70 km. The responses of winds to ENSO and F-10.7 exhibit 
                         hemispheric asymmetry and are more significant in the southern 
                         polar jet region. While above 70 km, BU increases with the 
                         increasing of MEI and F-10.7. The negative linear changes of BU at 
                         50 degrees N are absent in MerU during October-January. The 
                         discussions on the possible influences of the temporal intervals 
                         and sudden stratospheric warmings (SSWs) on the variations and 
                         responses of BU illustrate the following: (1) the seasonal 
                         variations and the responses to QBO are almost independent on the 
                         temporal intervals selected; (2) the responses to ENSO and F-10.7 
                         are robust but slightly depend on the temporal intervals; (3) the 
                         linear changes of both BU and MerU depend strongly on the temporal 
                         intervals; (4) SSWs affect the magnitudes but do not affect the 
                         hemispheric asymmetry of the variations and responses of BU at 
                         least in the monthly mean sense. The variations and responses of 
                         global zonal wind to various factors are based on BU, which is 
                         derived from observations, and thus provide a good complement to 
                         model studies and ground-based observations.",
                  doi = "10.5194/acp-23-6145-2023",
                  url = "http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-23-6145-2023",
                 issn = "1680-7316 and 1680-7324",
                label = "self-archiving-INPE-MCTIC-GOV-BR",
             language = "en",
           targetfile = "acp-23-6145-2023.pdf",
        urlaccessdate = "04 maio 2024"
}